Misdiagnosis of Panic Disorder

Misdiagnosis of Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Diagnosis Print Misdiagnosis of Panic Disorder Could You Have Been Misdiagnosed? By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 13, 2019 Caiaimage/Robert Daly/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Coping Related Conditions The American Psychiatric Association first recognized panic disorder as a mental health condition in 1980. It was then that panic disorder was categorized into the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM 5), the handbook used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental health conditions. Researchers, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals who treat panic disorder have long debated about what criteria to include in the diagnosis of panic disorder.   Given that panic disorder and agoraphobia are relatively newly classified disorders, that there are many public misconceptions about panic disorder, and the difficulty that mental health professionals have in agreeing about the diagnostic criteria, it is not surprising that panic disorder has the potential to be misdiagnosed. After seeking help for panic disorder, it is possible to be misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all. Listed here are some potential reasons why a misdiagnosis can occur. Related and Co-Occurring Conditions There are several mental health conditions that have some similar features and symptoms of panic disorder. According to the DSM, panic disorder is categorized as an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders all have some similarities, particularly underlying fear and worry. Social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, general anxiety disorder, and PTSD are all anxiety-related conditions that share commonalities with panic disorder. Since these disorders are so closely related, it is not surprising that misdiagnosis can occur. It is also not uncommon for a person with panic disorder to have another mental health condition as well. Misdiagnosis can occur when one disorder remains unrecognized. For example, depression is a mood disorder that frequently accompanies panic disorder. If a person is struggling with both symptoms of depression and panic, it can be possible that the symptoms of depression are more evident than the panic disorder symptoms. Miscommunication With Mental Health Professionals When seeking out help for your panic disorder and anxiety, it is important to find professionals who are knowledgeable about diagnosing mental health conditions. Family doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists, and mental health counselors are all professionals who treat panic disorder. In order to get the right diagnosis, you will need to be open and honest about your symptoms. Misdiagnosis can occur if your doctor does not have clear and accurate information on what you have been experiencing. Good communication with your doctor will help you get the diagnosis and treatment that you need. Panic Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Make sure that you discuss any concerns about your diagnosis with your doctor and don’t be afraid to get a second opinion. Not Understanding Panic Disorder There are many misunderstandings and myths about panic disorder. For example, the media often uses the term panic attack to describe common nervousness. Many times, the words panic attack and anxiety are used interchangeably, even though there are distinct differences. If you have been diagnosed with a mental health condition, ask your provider to explain the diagnostic criteria to you and reasons for giving you that diagnosis. You may believe that you have been misdiagnosed, but it is possible that you did not fit the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder. Misdiagnosis is a serious issue. If you have been misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, you may not receive the proper treatment for panic disorder. If you believe you have been misdiagnosed, address your concerns with your doctor or mental health provider. It can be helpful to have a list of your symptoms available and you may want to consider enlisting a supportive loved one to bring along to your appointment. Most likely, your doctor will address your concerns and determine a treatment plan that will help you manage your symptoms.

Arrhenius Base Definition (Chemistry)

An Arrhenius base is a substance that when added to water increases the number of OH- ions in the water. The base dissociates in water to form hydroxide (OH-) ions. It may decrease the aqueous hydronium ion (H3O) concentration.Arrhenius bases follow the reaction:base H2O → conjugate acid OH- Source Paik, Seoung-Hey (2015). Understanding the Relationship Among Arrhenius, Brà ¸nsted–Lowry, and Lewis Theories. Journal of Chemical Education. 92 (9): 1484–1489. doi:10.1021/ed500891w

I work for CNN, it’s a powerful reporting company from the...

I work for CNN, it’s a powerful reporting company from the future. They sent me to take information about three people, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, and Jackie Robinson. I’ve been given a series of different questions to ask them, but I must be careful. Paradoxes are a highly dangerous manner so I need to stay undercover. If anyone finds out that I came from the future I’m toast. That’s why they sent a lowlife reporter like me to do their dirty work. They gave me a house to use as a base of operations and the ring to teleport back in my own time. Before I teleported into the future, they handed me a note. The note said that I need to host a fancy dinner party to lure them in. After a few days everything’s set up. Tomorrow morning is when they†¦show more content†¦He pulled up a chair and ate an apple while he waited. Jackie had a large red mark on his face. I wondered what it was from and couldn’t think of an answer, so I asked him where he got it. He said that they were bean balling him during his recent game. I grabbed him a frozen bag of peas and he thanked me for them. He opened the bag and started eating them! I told him that it was for his swelling and he looked at me quizzically. I gave him a bag of ice instead and told him to put it on his wound. He did as I said and was awed by the works of it. I guess people of this time don’t know the remedies for many things yet. When Jackie was about to leave the doorbell rang. I opened the door and Ted Williams was there. He was wearing a plad shirt with ragged blue jeans and had a baseball bat in his hand. I was surprised to see him this late, but at least he came. I showed him in and he thanked me for the invite. He looked a lot younger close up than he did in his early games. He looked about twenty or so. He took the shortest seat and sat down. Before the party I looked him up and saw that he had hit over 500 homeruns in his life. That’s ridiculous so I needed to ask him how he hit so well. He said that you imagine where the balls going to be and swing. I’m not sure how I’m going to do that, but I guess if he can do it, so can I. Soon after that I asked him how he even started playing baseball. He said that his father loved playing baseball so he followed hisShow MoreRelatedThe Paradox Of A Paradox1771 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction A paradox is a statement or idea that is contradictory in nature giving opposing meanings at the same time. The use of paradoxes has been employed to engage readers to be part of the story or poem; readers are tempted to pay more attention. There are direct types of paradoxes ranging from situational paradoxes to verbal paradoxes. Most literature deals with situational paradoxes as well of verbal paradoxes depending on what the writer wants to share. Veridical paradox usually describesRead MoreThe Paradox Of The Ravens1031 Words   |  5 Pages Hempel’s paradox, also known as the paradox of the ravens, is a classic paradox dealing with confirmation theory, also known as a paradox of confirmation. These paradoxes generally deal with issues when dealing with the following proposal : A. A generalization is confirmed by any of its instances. Generalizations, often in the form â€Å"Every P is a Q,† are said to be confirmed by instances of that generalization, which are often worded â€Å"This P is a Q.† It is important to understand that although statementRead MoreMastering The Equivocal Paradox Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesEquivocal Paradox This is the beginning of the end of confusion of a paradox. All, except the somber shellfish-allergenic people, can appreciate the wittiest paradox found twenty thousand leagues under the sea: the magnificent jumbo shrimp. This peculiar crustacean is one of the many forms of puzzling contradictions. There is an endless amount of self-contradicting, seemingly impossible, yet truthful statements around the world, and it is our job to justify and rationalize these arguments. Paradox is importantRead MoreAbilene Paradox1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe Abilene Paradox occurs when members of an organization take an action contrary to what they really want to do and, as a result, defeat the very purposes they are trying to achieve The lack of the ability to manage agreement is expressed by six specific sub symptoms: 1) Individuals agree as to the nature of the problem or situation. 2) There is individual agreement as to the steps that should be taken. 3) Organization members fail to communicate their desires and beliefs to one anotherRead MoreSummary : Time Travel Paradox2138 Words   |  9 PagesTIME TRAVEL PARADOX A paradox is a proposition that leads to a conclusion that seems somewhat senseless or logically unacceptable despite apparently sounding reasonable from acceptable premises. The statement may also seemingly sound self-contradictory or even absurd but when investigated or explained may prove to be genuine and quite well founded. Some paradoxes may be considered invaluable arguments but still play a significant role in promoting critical thinking. Paradoxes have led to the revelationRead MoreThe Sorites Paradox And The Epistemic View1082 Words   |  5 Pagessolution to it. The Sorites Paradox begins with the problem that if one looks at a vague term such as a heap, at what point is it no longer a heap if you keep taking grains of sand out of it. The same can be said for cattle, if one keeps removing cattle from a herd when will it no longer be a herd. The Sorites Paradox is paradoxical because all the premises appear to be true as well as the argument being valid (the conclusion really follows from the premises); yet the conclusion appears to beRead MoreWhere is everybody An exploration of the Fermi Paradox2504 Words   |  11 Pagesbelieved, it follows that there should be advanced civilizations with the desire to visit and colonize Earth close enough to do so. However, there is no incontrovertible evidence of aliens on Earth, either now or in the past. This is called the Fermi Paradox. The lack of observational evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence is known as the ‘Great Silence.’[13] Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison published a paper in Nature in September 1959, in which they suggest a probable frequency atRead MoreReview Of Frederick Douglass s The Great Gatsby 880 Words   |  4 Pagessome way, in many other ways, it shattered his spirit and lead to a lifetime of abuse. Douglass’ narrative demonstrates how his literary education is both a blessing and a curse. He believed that permitting slaves to read was a contradiction, a paradox if you will, unable to render freedom, or provide them a legitimate education. Douglass reasoned that the education was a ploy to let African Americans believe they were treated fairly. Douglass expresses, â€Å"As I read and contemplated the subject,Read MoreEssay about The Dragon Cant Dance by Earl Lovelace926 Words   |  4 PagesLovelace, allows even the non-indigenous reader to understand, to feel the physical and psychological realities of poverty-stricken Calvary Hill - every sweet, twisting, hurting ache(p. 133) - more intensely , more completely, through his use of paradox. Indeed, oxymorons pepper the pages of his novel, challenging our habits of thought and provoking us into seeking another sense or context in which these self-contradictions may be resolved into truths, truths that are clearly univers al yet at theRead MoreSummary of Chapter 4: Predictable Conflicts in the Intersections544 Words   |  3 Pagesthe paradoxes. The authors say it best, â€Å" The most effective means of handling these problems is to analyze the conflicts associated with them for inherent contradictions, then to dig deeper, in search of the primary underlying paradox and ultimately to address the paradox with strong governance vehicles (such as policies, rules, or values), including the use of a family constitution.† (Schuman, A., Stutz, S., Ward, J.L. 2012, p.90) Works Cited In this week’s reading, Chapter 4: Predictable

The Importance of Labor Unions in the United States Free Essays

A Labor Union is an â€Å"association of workers that seeks to improve the economic and social well-being of its members through group action.† A labor union represents its members in negotiations with an employer regarding all the terms and conditions of an employment contract. These negotiations are called collective bargaining, which is concerned with wages, working hours, fringe benefits, job security, safety and other related to an employee’s working condition. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Labor Unions in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now This process is now a crucial part of the labor union movement and an accepted practice in many industrial nations. In the United States, workers can become members of a union by voting to certify a union as their collective bargaining agent. Unionized jobs in the United States pay substantially higher wages than nonunion jobs, even after taking into account skill differences among workers employed in different establishments.   Overall, the gap in wages between unionized workers and nonunionized workers in about 15 percent in the United States, with unionized members receiving higher wages. Unions tend to increase the wages of less-skilled workers by a larger percentage than they raise the wages of more-skilled workers because they have had greater success at organizing less-skilled workers. In addition to wages and fringe benefits, unions also bargain for better working conditions. Without the existence of these unions, workers may not have an established mechanism for informing employers of grievances about working conditions, wages, or other aspects of the employment relationship. In many countries, labor unions are officially affiliated with political parties. The main goal of the labor movements in the United States is to improve wages and working conditions for their membership and representing their members if the employer attempts or actually violates contract provisions. Because of this labor unions, many workers can fearlessly voice out their concerns and demand for their rights as employees of an organization. Laws have been passed and the rights of workers for better working conditions, just wages, and the like have been properly monitored and abided by. However, there are drawbacks as well to having these labor unions in the United States. Unions raise member wages but to not have sizable impact on productivity. Hirsch generalized that unions are associated with a reduction in profits, a decrease in investment in research and development and physical capital, and a lower employment rate. Vedder and Gallaway also made it clear that union power and membership has significantly decreased over the last half century, which has been a result of increased anti-union policy and a growing economy for the United States. The effect unionization had on productivity levels was found to be small. Because productivity changes are small, they do not offset the higher costs incurred by firms who give a wage premium to union members.   It only makes sense that if profits and investment are going down as a result of unionization, the employment growth will slow down as well. Industries with high union densities, such as mining, construction, durable goods manufacturing, and transportation and public utilities, showed negative growth rates, indicating that there has been an employment shift from unionized sectors to nonunionized sectors (Vedder and Gallaway, 111). Today’s U.S. economy is highly competitive due to the deregulation of many large industries and a large increase in the private sector. Entry and exit into these industries has become easier, thus causing unionized firms to compete both nationally and internationally. Positive effects can be directed to the benefits of these labor unions on workers or employees, such as better working conditions, just wages, assured implementation of the terms of the employment contract and more. They may not have been able to unify their voices with regards to fighting for equitable rights as workers if not largely for these labor unions, who as a whole, commonly generate attention from employers. This is not only to eliminate tension and bad publicity for the organization, but also to level out the needs of the company’s workforce. These largely contribute or are primarily directed to the wellness of the affected workers. However, on the larger whole, numerous studies have indicated the negative effects labor unions have on the economy. The study by Vedder and Gallway suggested that federal policy has a long-term effect on labor unions, but that for the most part the decline in labor unions is due to changes in the structure of the economy. IN fact, the Bush administration has implemented policy in the federal workforce to encourage workers not to join labor unions. References Hirsch, B.R. â€Å"Unionization and Economic Performance: Evidence on Productivity, Profits, Investment and Growth†. Public Policy Sources, No. 3, Florida State University.. Retrieved 30 October 2007. Perry, M.J. The Economics of Labor Unions. Retrieved. Pindyck, R.S., David Rubenfield. (2001). Microeconomics, 5th Ed. US: Prentice Hall.    How to cite The Importance of Labor Unions in the United States, Essay examples

The Flea Essay Example For Students

The Flea Essay Shai Steeck English 2 Essay 1 The Flea John Donne Observe a typical bar; every Saturday night sweat drenched bodies emitting alcohol and pheromones from every pore, exchange conversation, pleasantries, and yes even sex perhaps not directly in view but certainly eluded to. Is this animalistic, barbaric behavior acceptable? Should sex be taken so lightheartedly? Or do we take it to seriously; guarding sex like it was the Holy Grail, or the secret to life itself? These questions may be to deep and pointed for most to approach, yet John Donne in his poem The Flea wades through them like the kiddy pool. In this clever poem Donne uses a flea, blood, and the murder of the flea as an analogy for the oldest most primal exchange, sex. Donne, through symbolic images, not only questions the validity of coveting virginity but also the importance of sex as it pertains to life. The metaphors in The Flea are plentiful, but the symbols repeated throughout the poem are clear, beginning with the most prevalent, and the flea. We will write a custom essay on The Flea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This small parasitic creature is chalk full of symbolic meaning. During the time this poem was written the Renaissance the flea was use in many poems about sex. I derive that in this particular poem the flea is symbolic of the act of sex from the speakers remark in the beginning, Mark but this flea, and mark in this, how little that which deniest me is the flea is small and inconsequential, his lady denies him sex, which the speaker believes is also petty. The flea is described as a marriage temple and a carrier of life, but in the next stanza as something insignificant and small. The speaker applies a certain duality to the flea and therefore to sex. The metaphor develops more as it relates to the other symbols. Blood is used more than once as a symbol. The speaker talks of the blood reverently and equates it to honor. Blood in this poem is symbolic of life and the soul. The speaker remarks that in the flea his blood and his ladys blood were mixed, therefore during sex their souls are mingled and become one. This is where the flea becomes a marriage temple. During this part of the poem the he speaks respectfully within the metaphor about sex, noting that it can be a spiritual and important thing. But this is eventually revealed to be only a ploy to prove that if the speakers lady can treat sex so irreverently after he had made comments about how sacred it was, than sex should not be dealt with so seriously. After the speakers lady kills the flea he asks her if she has purpled her nail in the blood of innocence. Using Donnes metaphor as a basis for interpretation the result is that he asks her if they finish the act of sex kill the flea if it will have really diminished her innocence. The speaker is commenting that sex does not have the power to take away innocence or life. The murder of the flea also adds to the overall metaphor. When the speaker and his ladys blood is mixed in the flea the speaker refers to the flea as a marriage, therefore the exchange of life blood during sex forms a marriage between the partners. The narrator asks his lady not to kill the flea, which is symbolic of the end of sex, or orgasm. It was popular belief at the time this poem was written, that every time a man had sex his life was shortened, thus it is reasonable to say that the speaker is also representing the murder of the flea as his own life being taken by his lady during the act of sex. The speaker may feel that if he should have to give a piece of his life to have sex the woman he gives it to should want to accept it willingly and without requiring the man to woo. .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 , .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .postImageUrl , .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 , .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200:hover , .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200:visited , .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200:active { border:0!important; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200:active , .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200 .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12538db6fa0323b260420c260f4d4200:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multiple Source EssayConclusively the speaker states that the flea ha not taken hardly any thing of importance from either him or his lad and, just so much honor when thou yeildst to me, will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee. Therefore the act of sex will not diminish either of their lives and his lady will not be giving up hardly anything by yielding to him sexually. The speaker is trying to reason with his lady by lessening the importance of sex in the grand scheme of life. Even today, with every movie and TV commercial screaming sexual connotations, is sex as important and life affirming as we make it out to be? In my view this poem conveys its message loud and clear, but that doesnt mean that I agree with it. This poem has interesting points on which some aspects I agree with. We take sex to seriously, we covet the act of breeding as if it were gold, when truthfully it doesnt affect us as much as we would like to think. Although that is a very valid point it tends to be awfully one sided and testosterone based. While most would agree that we put to much importance on sex, it is an important issue that carries with it consequences, as well as physical and emotional repercussions. Now, this may be more relevant in modern times but sex during the time this poem was written still held most of the same connotations as today. For example disease, pregnancy, spiritual repercussions, and countless emotional issues, all which tend to impact more of the feminine population. In this poem the speaker does not seem to be very respectful of the female he is pursuing. Of course that is conducive to the time but it also says something about the validity of the message of the poem. In synopsis the flea, blood and death of the flea are all used as metaphors for sex; the exchange of life force a very important thing within the act of sex represented as something as insignificant as a flea and then orgasm, which can feel important and significant for a period of time but is really only as important as the death of a flea. The speaker in this poem hopes to convince his lady to sleep with him by trivializing sex and comparing it to something as insignificant as a flea. Meanwhile I say lady, screw the speaker and the flea you would get more of a commitment from a machine than a guy as afraid of human contact as this one.

Algebra Definition

Algebra Definition Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. Algebra is about finding the unknown or putting real-life variables into equations and then solving them.  Algebra can include real and complex numbers, matrices, and vectors. An algebraic equation represents a scale where what is done on one side of the scale is also done to the other and numbers act as constants. The important branch of mathematics dates back centuries, to the Middle East. History Algebra was invented by Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, a mathematician, astronomer, and geographer, who was born about 780 in Baghdad. Al-Khwarizmis treatise on algebra,  al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr waÊ ¾l-muqabala  (â€Å"The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing†), which was published about 830, included elements of Greek, Hebrew, and Hindu works that were derived from Babylonian mathematics more than 2000 years earlier. The term al-jabr in the title led to the word algebra when the work was translated into Latin several centuries later.  Although it sets forth the basic rules of algebra,  the treatise  had a practical objective: to teach, as al-Khwarizmi put it: ...what is easiest and most useful in arithmetic, such as men constantly require in cases of inheritance, legacies, partition, lawsuits, and trade, and in all their dealings with one another, or where the measuring of lands, the digging of canals, geometrical computations, and other objects of various sorts and kinds are concerned. The work included examples as well as algebraic rules to help the reader with practical applications. Uses of Algebra Algebra is widely used in many fields including medicine and accounting, but it can also be useful for everyday problem-solving. Along with developing critical thinking- such as logic, patterns, and deductive and inductive reasoning- understanding the core concepts of algebra can help people better handle complex problems involving numbers. This can help them in the workplace where real-life scenarios of unknown variables related to expenses and profits require employees to use algebraic equations to determine the missing factors. For example, suppose an employee needed to determine how many boxes of detergent he started the day with if he sold 37 but still had 13 remaining. The algebraic equation for this problem would be: x – 37 13 where the number of boxes of detergent he started with is represented by x, the unknown he is trying to solve. Algebra seeks to find the unknown and to find it here, the employee would manipulate the scale of the equation to isolate x on one side by adding 37 to both sides: x – 37 37 13 37x 50 So, the employee started the day with 50 boxes of detergent if he had 13 remaining after selling 37 of them. Types of Algebra There are numerous branches of algebra, but these are generally considered the most important: Elementary: a branch of algebra that deals with the general properties of numbers and the relations between them Abstract: deals with abstract algebraic structures rather than the usual number systems   Linear: focuses on linear equations such as linear functions and their representations through matrices and vector spaces Boolean: used to analyze and simplify digital (logic) circuits, says Tutorials Point. It uses only binary numbers, such as 0 and 1. Commutative: studies  commutative rings- rings in which multiplication operations are commutative. Computer: studies and develops algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and objects Homological: used to prove nonconstructive existence theorems in algebra, says the text, An Introduction to Homological Algebra Universal: studies common properties of all  algebraic  structures, including groups, rings, fields, and lattices, notes Wolfram Mathworld Relational: a procedural query language, which takes a relation as input and generates a relation as output, says Geeks for Geeks Algebraic number theory: a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations Algebraic geometry: studies zeros of multivariate polynomials, algebraic expressions that include real numbers and variables Algebraic combinatorics: studies finite or discrete structures, such as networks, polyhedra, codes, or algorithms, notes Duke Universitys Department of Mathematics.

Entertainment Architecture and Disney Design

Entertainment Architecture and Disney Design The Walt Disney Company must be a fun place to work. Even the Seven Dwarfs have smiles on their faces as they sing Heigh-ho, Heigh-ho, its off to work we go!   But who knew cartoon characters would be asked to hold up the floors of Disney Headquarters in Burbank, California? Designed by internationally known American architect Michael Graves, this whimsical building is a landmark example of entertainment architecture. Disney Architecture Needs Disney Architects The Walt Disney Company is not just for kids. When you visit any of the Disney theme parks or hotels, youll find buildings designed by some of the worlds leading architects, including Michael Graves. Typically, theme park architecture is as the name implies - thematic. Borrowing popular motifs from history and fairy tales, theme park buildings are designed to tell a story. For example, its well known that the romantic Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany inspired Disneyland’s Sleeping Beauty Castle in Southern California. But the Walt Disney Company wanted more when Michael Eisner took over in 1984. Were not about safe-deposit boxes. Were in the entertainment business, Eisner told The New York Times. And so the company set out to find architects to develop an entertainment architecture. Architects Who Have Designed for the Walt Disney Company All architects do not submit to the blatant commercialism behind entertainment architecture. Most notably, when the Disney Company was enlisting architects for their Disney World expansion, Pritzker Laureate James Stirling (1926-1992) denied Disneys advances - the commercialization of Britains Queen, the   changing of the guard, and other regal traditions soured the Scottish-born architect on using architecture for frivolous commercial promotion. Many postmodernists, however, jumped at the challenge of designing an architecture whose purpose was to envelop entertainment. They also jumped at the chance to be part of the powerful Disney empire. Architecture becomes magic, whether designing for Disney or not in the 1980s and 1990s. Robert A. M. Stern may be the most prolific Disney architect. At the Walt Disney World Resort, his designs for the BoardWalk and the 1991 Yacht and Beach Club Resorts are modeled after New England private resorts and clubs - a theme Stern also used for the 1992 Newport Bay Club Hotel at Paris Disneyland in Marne-La-Vallà ©e, France. Even more Disneyesque is Sterns 1992 Hotel Cheyenne in France - conceived in the image of a nineteenth-century American western town, but filtered through the lens of Hollywood....Hotel Cheyenne is the town itself. The meaning of the lens of Hollywood is, of course, what became known as the Disney version and not the 1973 horror tale of robots gone amok in the Westworld movie by Michael Crichton. A New York architect known for his sleek, postmodern urban designs, Stern developed the art moderne Disney Ambassador Hotel in 2000 in Urayasu-shi, Japan - a design that looks back to an architecture that represented the promise, magic, and glamour of a time when travel and movies were a romantic escape. Stern is also a champion of the new urbanism movement. In 1997 Sterns architecture firm, RAMSA, was chosen to design the Master Plan for Disneys planned community known as Celebration, Florida. It was to be a real community, where real people live and commute to nearby Orlando, but modeled after a typical sleepy Southern town of children, bikes, and neighborhood pets. Postmodernist architects were enlisted to design playful town buildings, such as the multi-columned Town Hall by Pritzker Laureat Philip Johnson and the Googie-styled movie theater designed by Cesar Pelli. Michael Graves designed a small post office that looks like a lighthouse, or a silo, or a ships smokestack. Graham Gunds inn is designed for visitors to step into 1920s Florida relaxation, but Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown planned the local bank to look like the old J.P. Morgan vault on the Corner of Wall Street in Lower Manhattan - all postmodern fun. Colorado architect Peter Dominick (1941-2009) knew how to design Disneys Wilderness Lodge and Animal Kingdom Lodge - resort rustic based on American Rockies. The whimsical Michael Graves (1934-2015) incorporated swans and dolphins, waves and shells into the architecture of the Walt Disney World Swan and Walt Disney World Dolphin hotels. Charles Gwathmey (1938-2009) designed Bay Lake Tower to look like a modern convention center and hotel, which it was. Disney employees work in Team Disney office buildings, which in a postmodern world are designed to look like cartoons. Michael Graves dwarf-clad headquarters building in Burbank, California substitutes dwarfs for Classical order columns. Japanese architect Arata Isozaki uses sundials and mouse ears within the Orlando, Florida Team Disney building. Italian architect Aldo Rossi (1931-1997) created Celebration Place, an office complex that is a drive-by lesson of postmodernism in the history of architecture. When Rossi won the Pritzker Prize in 1990, the jury cited his work as being bold and ordinary, original without being novel, refreshingly simple in appearance but extremely complex in content and meaning. This is the architecture of a Disney architect. Disney Design Specifications At Disney, architects may (1) strive for historic authenticity and recreate historic buildings; (2) take a whimsical approach and exaggerate storybook images; (3) create subtle, abstract images; or (4) do all of these things. How? Take a look at the Swan and Dolphin hotels designed by Michael Graves. The architect creates a storybook destination without stepping on the toes of any Disney character. Giant sculptures of swans, dolphins, and shells not only greet each guest, but also stay with the visitors throughout their journey. Sculptures are everywhere.   Located near EPCOT in the Walt Disney World ® Resort, the hotels architectural theme not only takes storybook-like figures, but also environmental elements as their theme. Like the swans and dolphins, water and sunlight are everywhere. Waves are painted as murals on the hotels facade. The hotel itself is an entertainment destination. What is Entertainment Architecture? Entertainment architecture is the design of commercial buildings with a focus on amusing themes. The approach has  been loosely promoted and/or defined by the entertainment industry, with the Walt Disney Company leading the way. You might suppose that entertainment architecture is the architecture of theaters and amusement parks, and structures exclusively designed by Disney architects. However, the term entertainment architecture can refer to any building or structure, regardless of its location and function, provided that it is designed to stimulate the imagination and encourage fantasy and whimsy. The Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall in California may be a hall for entertainment, but its design is pure Gehry. Some works of entertainment architecture are playful recreations of famous monuments. Some feature enormous statues and fountains. Entertainment architecture is often considered postmodern because it uses familiar shapes and details in unexpected ways. Examples of Entertainment Architecture Perhaps the most striking illustrations of entertainment architecture are amusing theme hotels. The Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas, for example, is designed to resemble a giant pyramid filled with over-sized imitations of ancient Egyptian artifacts. In Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the Fantasyland Hotel stimulates make-believe by decking out rooms in various themes, like the Old West and ancient Roman splendor. You will also find many examples of entertainment architecture in Disney World and other theme parks. The Swan Dolphin Hotels may be considered entertainment architecture as guests discover giant birds lurking through windows into lobbies. It is a destination in and of itself. Likewise, the exaggerated pediment at Disney Headquarters in Burbank, California is not supported by Classical columns but is held up by six of the Seven Dwarfs. And Dopey? Hes at the top, within the pediment, unlike any other symbolic statuary youve ever seen. Building a Dream One of the best sources for in-depth information on buildings at Disney resorts world-wide is Building a Dream: The Art of Disney Architecture by Beth Dunlop. Dont let the Disney name in the subtitle fool you. Building a Dream is not a travel guide, a childs storybook or a sugarcoated romanticization of the Disney empire. Instead, Dunlops picture-packed book is a careful study of the imaginative and often-revolutionary designs found in Disney theme parks, hotels, and corporate offices. At over two hundred pages and with a focus on the Michael Eisner years, Building a Dream includes interviews with architects, drawings and color photos along with a helpful bibliography. Author Dunlop has written for numerous architecture, design, and travel magazines, as well as being the architecture critic at the Miami Herald for fifteen years. In Building a Dream, Dunlop approaches Disney architecture with the care and respect of an anthropologist. She examines original concept drawings and historic photographs and she conducts extensive interviews with architects, imagineers and corporate leaders. Architecture enthusiasts will be fascinated by the inside story of how the trendy architects Eisner hired managed to incorporate Disney motifs into complex and often abstract designs. Building a Dream is a book studded with anecdotes: We learn about the heated competition to build the Swan and Dolphin hotels and the oriental philosophies expressed in Isozakis striking Team Disney building. We make dizzy and sometimes disorienting leaps from Disneyland to Walt Disney World to EuroDisney. An occasional technical term, such as scuppers along the parapet may leave some readers baffled, but overall Dunlops tone is relaxed and conversational. Devoted Disney fans may wish Dunlop had spent more time on Cinderellas castle and Thunder Mountain. Even in its early days, the Walt Disney Company pioneered imaginative building styles. Dunlop traces the evolution of the first Disney Main Street, Future World and the original corporate offices. For Dunlop, however, the most exciting architecture was created when Eisner took over the company in 1984. When Eisner commissioned prize-winning architects to create new designs for Disney worldwide, the ideas baked into modern architecture were brought to the masses. This is the importance of the Disney architects. Sources Disney Deco by Patricia Leigh Brown, The New York Times, April 8, 1990 [accessed October 2, 2015]Additional photo of the Team Disney Building in Burbank, California by George Rose/Getty Images; additional photos of the Swan and Dolpin Hotels courtesy Swan Dolphin MediaWDW Architecture, magicalkingdoms.com/wdw/more/architecture.html [accessed January 25, 2018]RAMSA, Hotel Cheyenne, ramsa.com/project-detail.php?project451 and Disney Ambassador Hotel, ramsa.com/project-detail.php?project453langen [accessed January 28, 2018]Pritzker Prize, https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/1990 [accessed January 26, 2018]