The X-Files :: essays research papers

The X-Files The X-Files is generally acclaimed as the television cult hit of the 1990’s. The pilot that aired in September of 1993 introduced FBI agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully. Together the two work to uncover the truth behind unsolved cases that defy normal investigation, the cases that the government has buried or ignored, labeling them the â€Å"x-files.† The two agents are wonderful examples of modernism and post-modernism world views. First in order to understand the reasons Scully and Mulder portray the two world views, we must understand what modernism and post-modernism mean. Modernism was the era that was dominated by Freud and Marx, a belief that humans are purely material machines, a belief that we live in a purely physical world and nothing exists beyond what our senses perceive. Modernists believe that people should be rationalistic optimists and depend only on the data of their sense of reason. Scully strongly displays the modernist world view throughout the show even after the two agents have been through many fantastic adventures. In the show as a whole there are modernist aspects because both Scully and Mulder are truth seekers. The shows motto is â€Å"the truth is out there† so this produces a strong concept of truth. However the show as a whole is very post-modern because it questions the modernist world view with its themes. It is interesting the show continually suggests that â€Å"th e truth is out there† but it is hidden under many different interpretations and perspectives. Post-modernism rejects the modernist ideals of rationality, virility, artistic genius and individualism, in favor of being anti-capitalist and scornful of traditional morality. Mulder strongly displays the post-modern world view. Scully is the modernist in the show, she is constantly doubting Mulder and always making a new plot or rationalization for what is happening. Scully often makes fun of or laughs at Mulder’s insistence of the existence of the supernatural or paranormal. Scully values science and rationality and even though the events seem to be unbelievable she never gives in and believes in Mulder’s theories. The main reason Scully was assigned to the x-files project was because she was a skeptic, they trusted her to write a clear scientific analysis of the cases. In the pilot Mulder asks Scully if she believes in extraterrestrials, she replies with "Logically I would have to say no. Given the distances need to travel from the of reaches of space the energy requirements would exceed a spacecraft's capabilities —".

Man’s Existence Defined by Being and Nothing Essay

I. Introduction What makes a person alive? Should existence be defined simply by a person’s biological and physical ability to move and breathe? Is existence proven by the mere physical presence of a living person? Philosophers down the ages have advanced many theories of how human existence is defined. Some have advance theories based on the establishment of â€Å"being† after the fulfillment of a life’s purpose. Others opined that a person’s fear or experience of dread and nothingness defines existence. Some however believe that it is a combination of these yin/yang forces that define human existence. II. Discussions on Existence, Being and Nothingness People are defined as human beings in Biology.   It is what separates humans as a specie from animals.   But shouldn’t the word â€Å"human† be enough? What is the significance of the verb â€Å"be?†   Several theories have been advanced to define the tangible things one sees in life but as philosopher Martin Heidegger noticed, they have forgotten to ask what to â€Å"be† really is (Philipse. 1998. p18). The question of what defines human existence has intrigued philosophers over the ages. Theories have gone beyond the basic qualification of life as the simple and obvious ability to move and breathe. Existentialism however, puts forward the more abstract concepts of defining one’s being as influenced by boredom, freedom, commitment and alienation (Warnock.1970.p.4).   It separates the human existence into â€Å"being† and â€Å"nothing.† What makes a human a â€Å"being†? According to Heidegger, a de-constructional view of existence is necessary to include the essence of human’s â€Å"being† as opposed to the classical thought of the obvious and therefore unexplored being (Philipse, 1998.p.3). One of Heidegger’s main influences, Edmund Huserll (Grimsley.1960.p.37) said that philosophy should be described in the context of human experience and goals.   People do and live in accordance with one â€Å"plan† or goal.   Heidegger modified this with his theory of â€Å"care,† (Cochrane. 1956. p112) which, simply stated means that a person’s priorities or what he or she considers important defines their existence.  Ã‚   For him, it is the motivation and the individual needs that define a person’s existence and thus shapes them into what they are. In his work â€Å"Being and Time,† Heidegger created the representation â€Å"Dasein† of the individual that seeks to answer the question as to why he exists.   He states the Dasein is â€Å"thrown† into a world of possibilities and responsibilities, and to account for his existence, the Dasein must take responsibility for all these possibilities (Cochrane, 1956 p. 136). Another philosopher who advances the notion of a reality governed by consciousness, Rene Descartes in his â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy† states that in human existence, the only thing that cannot be doubted is consciousness.   Reality can have many illusions, but a human being’s consciousness is constant which therefore makes it the only truth (Snooks, 1998.p 26). The famed German philosopher George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Stace,1955. p. 44) summed it up in the statement â€Å"the rational alone is real† which presented the idea that everything can and will only be expressed in rational categories His various works reflected methods predominantly rooted in logic According to Hegel,   the degree of comprehension of concepts is only limited or expanded by the standards of knowledge a person possesses and the level of society he belongs to (Stace,1955. p. 46)   . The ideas of existentialism contradict this. The definition of a person’s existence is not dependent on rational thinking but rather their individual â€Å"beings† in the world they were born in.   Reality in reference to one’s existence is subjective. In Sartre’s â€Å"Being and Nothingness,† he defines the actuality of man’s ideal of completion as the fulfillment of state of â€Å"Being† while nothingness is the failure or lack of this actuality (Schilpp. 1997.p.48) Like Hegel, Sartre also used the concepts of â€Å"Being† in terms of â€Å" in itself†, â€Å"for others†, and â€Å"for and in itself.†   Unlike Hegel however who defined these as organizational thought processes and logic in the individual, Sartre stated these terms with definitions done to identify and qualify the subjective and objective facets of human existence. Regarded as the â€Å"Father of Existentialism,† and one of Hegel’s greatest critics, Soren Kierkegaard (Malantschuk, 2003.p.11 )was a Danish philosopher who proposed that it is an individual’s feelings such as dread and anxiety that lead to making choices that define a person’s life. Kierkegaard believed that the difference between an individual’s self-perception of being and nothingness stems from the â€Å"individuality† of a person and that includes emotions and passions. A person’s existence therefore, is brought about by his fears. He cites a parallel of faith and atheism.   In his theories that were viewed as â€Å"anti-organized religion,† Kierkegaard states that for a person to be able to â€Å"make a leap of faith,† one must first have doubt. Otherwise, one may not be able to differentiate â€Å"faith† from everyday emotions. In the same way, Being cannot exist without â€Å"Nothing† and vice-versa (Malantschuk, 2003.p.90) Kierkegaard also advanced the   paradoxical theory of the Concept of Dread (Ussher, 1968.p. 52). According to Kierkegaard’s concept of Dread, it is only when one has experienced total misery that one can recognize and experience life and living. â€Å"Only by being a sacrificial Isaac would he recognise himself for the beloved of Abraham: and no miracle (he knew in the end) would intervene.† (Ussher, 1968.p. 27). It is not unusual in today’s times to hear the maxim â€Å"You never know what you have unless you’ve lost it.†Ã‚   The misery or anxiety at the thought of losing something makes one realize how much value they have truly assigned to something. The thought of this is echoed in German journalist Helmut Kuhn’s â€Å"Encounter with Nothingness: An Essay on Existentialism† (1949): â€Å"The question of existence is urged upon us chiefly by our interest. We raise it when we care for the existence or the nonexistence of something. When darkness closes down, we do get excited about the existence of light† (Kuhn, 1949) Immanuel Kant presented a style of inquiry that takes to consideration the physiological and empirical facets of a person’s state of Being. Kant believed that an introspective approach was necessary for one to understand and make sense of one’s own being (Kant, 1965). Sartre, one of the strongest critics of Kantian theory argues that the notion that human emotions are insignificant and occasional â€Å"situations† that occur of an individual’s behavior is unacceptable. â€Å"Moreover, emotion must not be considered as a set of empirical facts gained through introspection or as a â€Å"corporeal phenomenon† , but rather as â€Å"an organized form of human existence†Ã‚   (Schilpp, 1997.p.13) As a person’s existence and state of â€Å"Being† are subjective, so is the definition of â€Å"nothingness.† The lexicon meaning of the word â€Å"nothing† is given as â€Å"1 : not any thing : no thing; 2 : no part;   3 : one of no interest, value, or consequence† In philosophy however, despite the many theories that sought to define existence, the definition of the word â€Å"nothing† seems to be universal.   It simply means failure to attain a state of Being through lack of fulfillment and failure at the attainment of purposes or goals. III. Summary The human being and existence is a complex and paradoxical concept.   All the concepts are true in a sense, but were never really complete in describing or pinpointing the meaning of life. Different schools of thought range from describing human existence in a mathematical sense then evolving into the more abstract consideration of complex human emotions. Classical philosophy in its rational and logical basis, says it is â€Å"Mind over matter.† Sartre, Hegel and Heidegger’s philosophies are summed up in â€Å"the End justifies the Means.† Kierkegaard’s neurotic view of the existence as a result of anxiety and dread is summed up in â€Å"You don’t know what you have until you’ve lost it.† IV. Conclusion Given the many points of view advanced, there remains a constant, and that is recognition of the human free will. It is the will that makes a choice that rational, experiential or pessimistic, influences the â€Å"End† that defines and justifies a person’s existence. A person’s experience of past and present in addition to his perception of what the future could be are subjective.   The significance people place on certain things is also subjective.   Reactions are subjective.   Life is subjective.   One can choose to define existence in the manner of different philosophies. However, it is important to note that these schools of thought are not rules that encompass every person’s experience of life.

Heritage Quest Online - US Census Records from Proquest

Available free through subscribing libraries, Heritage Quest Online packs in an intuitive interface, fast downloads, and crisp census images. If your library doesnt subscribe, youre missing out! Pros Free to members of subscribing librariesEasy to use interface and crisp, enhanced imagesNotebook feature helps you keep track of searches Cons Not available for an individual subscriptionNo soundex or wildcard search optionsHead of household indexes only Description Includes census images for all decades 1790 to 1930.Head of household indexes for 1790 to 1820, 1860, 1870, 1890, 1900 to 1910 and 1920 to 1930 (partial).Available only as a library subscription, but offered free by participating libraries to members.Advanced search options also include state, county, age, and birthplace, but no wildcard or soundex.Census indexes prepared by Heritage Quest are much more accurate than the common AIS indexes.Images appear in an HTML viewer, with no extra software required.Full-screen, enhanced census images load quickly and are easy to read.Black and white enhanced census images make viewing easier, but could possibly affect quality.Census images are also available as negative images as an alternate opportunity for readability.Handy notebook feature allows you to save census images and citations, and take online notes. Guide Review Developed specifically for library patrons, Heritage Quest Online offers an intuitive, easy-to-use interface and clear, crisp census images. Searching is simple and offers a lot of options, although it lacks the ability to use wildcards or soundex to search for misspelled names. Available census indexes are highly accurate - much more so than commonly used AIS indexes. Census images download quickly and appear as full-screen, enhanced images, though some people claim that this enhancement could introduce errors. Images can be quickly downloaded and saved or printed in Tiff (non-compressed) or PDF format. Overall, Heritage Quest Online is the most flexible census offering available, if you can convince your library to subscribe!

Questions On Human Resource Management - 1498 Words

Assessment no 3 REPORT ON A CURRENT ISSUE IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Prepared by: Muhammad Salman Sami Roll # 1301064 What is HRM? Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. CURRENT ISSUE IN HRM INTRODUCTION Fundamentally, HRM is based on the assumption that employees are individuals with varying goals and needs and Human resources department is mainly concerned with the management of the company whereby policies and other elements that contribute to this act are considered in the field. There are various factors such as technology and other such areas which influence Human Resources practices worldwide. Therefore, in this report I tried to show the issue that human resource management is facing and the challenges in their field how they solve it with completeness how important it is for the organization. THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORKPLACE: OBJECTIVE The main objective of the study is to find Impact of Technology Advancement on Human Resource Performance. To achieve these main objectives, we need to achieve more sub objective like: †¢ Importance of Technology in human resource performance †¢ Effects of Technology in human resource management IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HR PERFORMANCE Technology has changed the business world many times over. In theShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Human Resource Management1730 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Etiquette in Japan 6 Conclusion 7 Introduction Human Resource Management is one of the most important functions in an organization designed primarily for the management of people within the organization, focusing on systems and policies. Also known as HR it typically undertakes a number of activities such as employee recruitment, employee benefits, training development, rewarding and performance appraisal. With Human Resource being so complex it also faces a lot of challenges especiallyRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management2878 Words   |  12 Pages ARISE: A Destination-for-a-Day Spa Case study analysis Rick (Yingchuan) Wang HRT 650: Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry Dr. Gary A. Hamilton March 4, 2015 Introduction Analysis ARISE was a Dallas-based destination spa built in May 2009 by Kristen Chambers, an entrepreneur and a devotee to spa treatment, with herself being the President and CEO. The business of ARISE was structured into two units with the VP of business operations, Sam Solti, responsibleRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management2511 Words   |  11 PagesName: Thenjiwe Chiriso. Student ID: 81488. Subject: Human resource management in the health care. Tutor: Ashley Page. Assessment 2: Literature review. Due Date: 17 April 2015. Introduction This paper is a review of literature on recruitment and selection processes. The aim of this paper is look at four research articles, some are qualitative and some are quantitative. It analyses the strength weakness of recruitment and selectionRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management1347 Words   |  6 PagesBUHRM5912 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Assignment Title: HRM functions must be integrated with each other and with strategic issues if they are to make a contribution to HR outcomes or the â€Å"bottom line† for the organisation. Discuss this statement, with reference to relevant HRM structure. Student Name: Uzair Aziz Student ID: 30131135 Lecturer/Tutor: Genna Kaur Word Count: 1700-1900 Date of Submission: 22nd August’ 2014 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 1.1 Introduction Human resource managementRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesBy: KOMAL Answer 1. Human resource Management is very important in every organization. It satisfies the needs of man power and creates an atmosphere where all employees can work together to achieve the goals of an organization. HRM role is to plan how to recruit right people and give experienced and well trained workforce to organization.It makes plans for training and development of hunman resource in an organization.The main functions of Human Resource Management in an organization are givenRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management2550 Words   |  11 PagesDefinition of strategic human resource management ------------------------------ 02 1.2 Importance of human resource management in organisations ------------------ 02 1.3 Analysis of the framework of strategic human resource management. ---------- 03 2.1 Analyse the strategic human resource process ----------------------------------- 04 2.2 Assess the roles in strategic human resource management ----------------Read MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management Essay2264 Words   |  10 Pages1. Background 3 1.2. Location 3 2. SCOPE MANAGEMENT: 4 a. To Visit the Site Investigate: 4 b. Catchment Analyses 4 c. HEC-HMS Modeling: 4 d. To design a detention basin: 4 e. Water quality quantity management: 4 3. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: 5 4. THE INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT 6 5. WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE 7 6. NETWORK DIAGRAM 7 7. THE PROCURMENT PLAN: 8 8. TIME MANAGEMENT 9 9. COST MANAGEMENT 10 10. THE COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT 11 11. RISK MANAGEMENT: 11 12. â€Å"RFT (Request for tender)† 12 13.Read MoreQuestions On Strategic Human Resource Management Essay7145 Words   |  29 Pagescontext of NZ organizations Conclusions Recommendations References Appendices Executive Summary Strategic Human Resource Management is an approach to the management of human resources that provide a strategic framework to support long- term business goals and support. This approach is concerned with structure, culture, values, quality commitment and matching resources to future needs. It is to ensure that a company has right people to do right jobs with the required skills, knowledgeRead MoreHuman Resource Management: Questions and Answers4846 Words   |  20 PagesQUESTION ONE Introduction Humans are an organization s greatest assets; without them, everyday business functions such as managing cash flow, making business transactions, communicating through all forms of media, and dealing with customers could not be completed. Humans and the potential they possess drive an organization. Today s organizations are continuously changing. Organizational change impacts not only the business but also its employees. In order to maximize organizational effectivenessRead MoreQuestions On International Human Resource Management Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy Please find completed case study on International Human Resource Management-Padi Cepat on the basis for your reading and action. Sign: Name: Patel Nimisha Paper Title International Human Resource Management Paper Code 95.892(B) Term 1 2015 Lecturers : Dr. Robert Khan

The War I Was A Good Leader Essay - 1313 Words

Some of his Pros would be that he led Americans during World War 2, and he was a very good leader. Then there are a bunch of things that people have mixed feelings about like him taking America a step forward as far as isolationism. Then his cons would be that he had introduced deficit spending, served 4 terms and the completely unnecessary japanese internment camps. I think my liberal parents were mostly correct in deeming FDR a GREAT leader, though he had some real faults. He did not crash the economy. Partly by giving Americans hope again, also by using the power of the Federal Government to create low-paying jobs for millions of unemployed Americans. Roosevelt probably rescued American capitalism from the threat of Fascist or Communist revolution. He also he put in place new government regulations over the Wall Street stock market and the banking industry, for example -- that helped to prevent serious American financial crises for the next 50 years. He likewise pushed legislation to establish the savings loan industry and give it a special role in financing residential mortgages thus laying the foundation for generations of rising levels of home ownership by the American working class. In the view of the Canadian Marxist writers Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, anyway, this encouragement of home ownership by working people was a profoundly anti-revolutionary and pro-capitalist policy. Why? Because it ensured that over the next 70 years, most American workers would workShow MoreRelatedGeneral Pete Quesada And The Triumph Of Tactical Air Power During World War II1318 Words   |  6 Pagesand the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II I would like to begin my paper with the quote by John Kennedy â€Å"learning and Leadership are indispensable to each other.†1 I think it is a great saying about leadership I have ever heard. There are many books about leadership. But if someone wants to be a good leader and if they do not have leadership abilities, character from birth, they will never be able to be a good leader. When we say leader, we have to think about people who are able toRead MoreChina s Revolutionary War : A Successful Revolutionary Insurgency1218 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolutionary war. The keys to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency include understanding that the laws of war are developmental, that leaders must study the whole military situation, and that a military must be good at learning. The first key to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency is understanding that the laws of war are developmental. Comrade Mao, felt that leaders must take a progressive approach to understand war in general, the revolutionary aspect of war, and the aspectsRead MoreRichard Overy and The World War II974 Words   |  4 Pages World War II was one of the greatest wars in our history. Richard Overy wrote Why the Allies Won to explain his taking of how this happened. Why the Allies Won is about how Germany was in almost full control of Europe and Germany felt like they should start moving into the Middle East. Germany and Japan had felt since they took over large lands in 1942, they should try to take over the rest of the world. This caused the Second World War. The other countries were not going to let Germany and JapanRead MoreMao Zedong And The Revolutionary War1156 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s revolutionary war. The keys to conducting a successful revolutionary insur gency include understanding that the laws of war are developmental, that a whole military situation must be studied, and that a military must be good at learning. The first key to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency is understanding that the laws of war are developmental. Comrade Mao felt that a progressive approach must be taken to understand war in general, the revolutionary aspect of war, and the aspectsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Guns Of August Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great War, more known as World war 1 is perhaps the most famous war in American history. Most people only know that the Great war was the first world war that caused catastrophe through the worlds alliances. The Guns of August also known as August 1914 is a historical work of nonfiction written about the beginning of World War I. The Guns of August is an interesting book that goes through the first couple of months of the war. This book explains in great detail of the causes of the war like theRead MoreEverything Rises And Falls On Leadership1003 Words   |  5 PagesEverything rises and falls on leadership. I have always been interested in General George S. Patton. Some credit his work with winning World War II. Obviously, it was a great team effort that got it done but studying. General Patton and his role as a leader is good for any inspiring leader. Why is this important to me? Leadership is needed today more than ever. The generations after World War II lived in good times. The coming storm of the debt crisis, terrorism and the world economy implodingRead MoreWhy Adolf Hitler Was A Great Leader1200 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 2015 Why Adolf Hitler Was A Great Leader. Can you really call a Murderer a Great Leader? A â€Å"Great Leader† Can be define as a leader who is self aware, self direct, socially aware, visionary, and having the ability to motivate one. Adolf Hitler is self aware, self direct, socially aware, visionary, and having the ability to motivate. From what we know for being a Great Leader we can say Adolf Hitler was a Great Leader. I believe that Hitler was a indeed a â€Å"Great Leader†. 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R. R. Donnelly Sons the Digital Division Free Essays

R. R. Donnelly Sons: The Digital Division (Case Synopsis) R. We will write a custom essay sample on R. R. Donnelly Sons: the Digital Division or any similar topic only for you Order Now R. Donnelley Sons was suffering with an ad-hoc technology development process. Once this process had to be changed and new technology development process had to be brought in. R. R. Donnelley Sons with 6% share of the $80 billion print market is certainly the market leader. But the level of competition was rising rapidly as well. The printing market was going online and electronic with the online service providers and software packages were making four color images available electronically. Smaller printing companies were also building alliances with firms that had high-capacity networks for transmitting files. Despite digital division being a good idea, it was essentially outside their core business. All divisions knew the potential of digital technology but did not know enough about the markets and were scared of unproven technology. The biggest issue faced by the Digital Division was whether they would be accepted or not by other divisions in the organization itself. The company knew that digital technology was the future. And that the company needs to improve on demand printing and delivery on time as well. But the problem was convincing the other divisions. They could not do it with their arguments or with the incentives they gave. The solution would be to accept the advantages of the digital technology by the CEO, john Walter not as a different division. This is done so that the profitability and the existence of other divisions are not affected. It should benefit the organization not as a separate division. All the divisions in the organization must work together as one to contribute to the organizational goals and growth. How to cite R. R. Donnelly Sons: the Digital Division, Essay examples

Intentional Criminal Liability Management

Question: Discuss about the Intentional Criminal Liability Management. Answer: Under Irish law Assault will attract criminal liability one actually inflicts harm on another person through the application of force. Pursuant to section 2 of Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act (1997) an assault has been defined as an intentional or a reckless act where one applies force which causes an impact on another persons body. The bodily impact that has been caused must either be caused directly or indirectly. The second limb of the assault definition suggests that one will also be guilt of the offence of assault if he causes someone to reasonably believe that he will he likely to make an impact on the body of the other person using force. It bears noting that the expectation of the force must be immediate. For criminal liability to attach only one limb must be satisfied. Further under section 3(1) of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act (1997) a person will be held to be criminally liable for an assault that eventually caused harm to the other individual. It is instructive to note that if the person uses force but does not necessarily cause harm they will be liable to pay a fine which shall not exceed 1500 pounds or serve a term in imprisonment which shall not exceed 6 months or may be subjected to both fine and imprisonment (S 2(4) Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997)). If the assault caused harm the person will be criminally liable upon summary conviction to an imprisonment term which shall not exceed 12 months or a fine which shall not go beyond 1500 pounds or both (S 3(2b) Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1997). Upon conviction the person will be liable to a imprisonment term of not more than 5 years. It is worth noting that the actus reus and mens rea element of a crime must be present to prove a crime of assault. The mens rea must be a general intent. In the case in point Michael punched Sean and therefore he has applied force directly against another person. In R v Thomas (1985) it was held that the degree of force used against the other person is immaterial. If the civil action is brought first the claimant must prove there was apprehension of an imminent attack on him (Dullaghan v Hillen, 1957). The defendant must have had the intention to cause the harm on the claimant. It is not necessary to show that there was contact or injured was suffered in a civil action for assault. The claimant must only show that he had reasonable grounds to believe that the attack was imminent (Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers, 1985).On the other hand, it may be easier for Sean to pursue a civil action against Michael if he is held guilty of the crime of assault. The causal link between the act and the harm caused will have already been determined by the criminal court. In criminal law the main goal is usually to punish the accused and the remedy is imprisonment or a fine. However, the chief goal of civil law is to put the claimant in the position they were in before the civil wrong had occurred. This is usually done by way of compensation. Sean can th erefore claim special damages in the civil court and this will be awarded based on the economic losses or expenses that he incurred. Therefore, Sean can claim to be compensated fro the medical expenses and the loss of income that due to the fact that the injury caused him not to attend his daily job where he is self employed. It is imperative to note that even though the court may declare that the defendant, Michael is entitled to pay the compensation most civil cases that are conducted immediately after a criminal conviction, defendants argue they are not able to pay the compensation. It may be advisable to only pursue a civil action for compensation although in this case the police had already taken the matter up for investigation and therefore a criminal case was bound to occur. It should be borne in mind that the burden of prof in a criminal case rests on the prosecution and not the complainant. However this is just the general rule but pursuant to section 29(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act (1977) where the accused has been found in possession of a drug, the burden of prof shifts to the defense (People (DPP) v. Byrne, 1998). In the case Sean, the prosecution will have the burden of proofing that the accused Michael is guilty of the act. The standard of proof that shall be applied in the criminal case by the prosecution is thus one which is beyond reasonable doubt. In the People (AG) v. Byrne (1974) the court affirmed that in a criminal case the jury must come to a conclusion after the case has ben proven beyond reasonable doubt. However, the accused should be aware that he has been accorded the benefit doubt depending ion the evidence that is adduce in court. In a civil case the burden of proof rests on the plaintiff to show that he apprehended an imminent at tack. The claimant has the burden of proving that the defendant had the intention to commit the act. The defendants duty will be merely that of defense and not a burden of proof in the strict sense. The burden of prof in this case cannot shift to the defendant. However, in a civil case the standard of proof is on a balance of probabilities. It will be the duty of Sean to prove that ion a balance of probability Michael committed the civil wrong and that he suffered harm therefore he is entitled to compensation. All in all it may be conceded that Sean has a stronger criminal case although he has to pursue a civil action for compensation due the medical expenses he may have incurred and the loss of income that was caused by the injury which made him stay at home References R v Thomas (1985) 81 Cr. App. R. 331 Dullaghan v Hillen [1957] IR Jur Rep 10. Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers [1985] 2 All ER The People (Director of Public Prosecutions) v. Byrne [1998] 2 I.R. 417 The People (Attorney General) v Byrne[1974] IR 1 Misuse of Drugs Act (1977) Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers [1985] 2 All ER 1 Dullaghan v. Hillen [1957] IR Jur Rep 10. [35]. Non-Fatal Offences against the Person (1997 Act)